Microwave-Assisted Phytochemical Extraction from Walnut Hull and Process Optimization Using Box–Behnken Design (BBD)

The walnut green hull is an agro-waste, a source of natural dye and volatile compounds with various biological activities, but the main challenge conventional extraction method quality quantity compound (dye) from waste. objective this research work to use microwave-assisted (MAE) as emerging technology. Further, MAE process was optimized using Box–Behnken Design (BBD) response surface methodology (RSM). variables in optimization were microwave power, time, solvent volume, raw material particle size. result indicated that produces higher yield compared method. RSM analyses showed increase extract yield, total phenolic content, flavonoid along antioxidant activity. condition parameters reported be 363.64-watt 3.133 min, 39.999 mL/g 150 µm size, 39.65%, followed by phenol content 83.535 mgGAE/g, 18.98 mgQAE/g, while activity 76.298%. Additionally, sample characterized SEM GC-MS.